Hume on the Imagination
Keywords:
Fiction, Belief, Perception, Memory, Modal Epistemology, Empiricism, Disjunctivism
Abstract
This article overviews Hume’s thoughts on the nature and the role of imagining, with an almost exclusive focus on the first book of his Treatise of Human Nature. Over the course of this text, Hume draws and discusses three important distinctions among our conscious mental episodes (or what he calls ‘perceptions’): (i) between impressions (including perceptual experiences) and ideas (including recollections, imaginings and occurrent beliefs); (ii) between ideas of the memory and ideas of the imagination; and (iii), among the ideas of the imagination, between ideas of the judgement (i.e. occurrent beliefs) and ideas of the fancy (i.e. imaginings). I discuss each distinction in turn, also in connection to contemporary views on imagining. In addition, I briefly consider Hume’s views on the imagination as a faculty aimed at the production of ideas, as well as on the role that imagining plays in the wider context of our mental lives, notably in the acquisition of modal knowledge and in the comprehension of stories and opinions that we take to be false or fictional.
References
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Kant, Immanuel (1781/1999). Critique of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Martin, M. G. F. (2002). “The Transparency of Experience”. Mind and Language 17, no. 4: pp. 376– 425. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00205
Martin, M. G. F. (2006). “In Praise of Self: Hume’s Love of Fame”. European Journal of Analytic Philosophy 2, no. 1: pp. 69–100.
Marušić, Jennifer Smalligan (2010). “Does Hume Hold a Dispositional Account of Belief?” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 40, no. 2: pp. 155–183. https://doi.org/10.1353/cjp.2010.0001
Millican, Peter (1998). “Hume on Reason and Induction”. Hume Studies 24, no. 1: pp. 141– 159.
Moran, Richard (1994). “The Expression of Feeling in Imagination”. The Philosophical Review 103: pp. 75–106. https://doi.org/10.2307/2185873
Morris, William Edward and Charlotte Brown (2013). “David Hume”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring Edition 2013). URL: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/hume/.
Munoz–Dardé, Véronique (2002). “Seminar on David Hume’s Treatise on Human Nature”. Unpublished Handout, University College London.
Nichols, Shaun (2006). The Architecture of the Imagination: New Essays on Pretence, Possibility, and Fiction. Oxford: Clarendon Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275731.001.0001
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Sartre, Jean P (1940/2004). The Imaginary: A Phenomenological Psychology of the Imagination. London: Routledge.
Schmitt, Frederick F. (2014). Hume’s Epistemology in the Treatise: A Veritistic Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199683116.001.0001
Strawson, Galen (1989). The Secret Connexion: Causation, Realism, and David Hume. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Stroud, Barry (1999). Hume. London: Routledge.
Traiger, Saul (2008). “Hume on Memory and Imagination”. In: A Companion to Hume. Ed. by Elizabeth S. Radcliffe. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell, pp. 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470696583.ch3
Van Leeuwen, Neil (2014). “The Meanings of “Imagine” Part II: Attitude and Action”. Philosophy Compass 9, no. 11, pp. 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12141
Walton, Kendall (1990). Mimesis as Make–Believe. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
Walton, Kendall (1994). “Morals in Fiction and Fictional Morality”. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. Supplementary Volumes 68: pp. 27–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/aristoteliansupp/68.1.27
Williams, Bernard (1973). “Deciding to Believe”. In: Problems of the Self: Philosophical Papers 1956–1972. Cambridge University Press, pp. 136–151. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621253.011
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Woudenberg, Rene (2006). “Conceivability and Modal Knowledge”. Metaphilosophy 37, no. 2: pp. 210–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9973.2006.00425.x
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Yablo, Stephen (1993). “Is Conceivability a Guide to Possibility?” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, pp. 1–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/2108052
Allison, Henry E (2008). Custom and Reason in Hume: a Kantian Reading of the First Book of the Treatise. Oxford: Clarendon Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532889.001.0001
Berkeley, George (1710/2009). Principles of Human Knowledge and Three Dialogues. Ed. by Howard Robinson. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Broadie, Alexander (2009). A History of Scottish Philosophy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Budd, Malcolm (1991). Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Psychology. London: Routledge. Burge, Tyler (2010). Origins of Objectivity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Casullo, Albert (1979). “Reid and Mill on Hume’s Maxim of Conceivability”. Analysis 39, no. 4: pp. 212–219. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/39.4.212
Cohon, Rachel and David Owen (1997). “Hume on Representation, Reason and Motivation”. Manuscrito 20: pp. 47–76.
Cottrell, Jonathan (2015). “David Hume: Imagination”. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. by James Fieser and Bradley Dowden. https://www.iep.utm.edu/hume-ima/.
Coventry, Angela Michelle (2006). Hume’s Theory of Causation: A Quasi–Realist Interpretation. London: Continuum.
Crane, Tim (2009). “Is Perception a Propositional Attitude?” The Philosophical Quarterly 59, no. 236: pp. 452–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9213.2008.608.x
Crowther, Thomas (2010). “The Agential Profile of Perceptual Experience”. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 110: pp. 219–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9264.2010.00285.x
Dauer, Francis W. (1999). “Force and Vivacity in the Treatise and the Enquiry”. Hume studies 25, no. 1: pp. 83–99.
Descartes, René (1637/1641/1980). Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co.
Dorsch, Fabian (2009). “Judging and the Scope of Mental Agency”. In: Mental Actions. Ed. by Lucy O’Brien and Matthew Soteriou. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 38– 71. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199225989.003.0003
Dorsch, Fabian (2010). “Transparency and Imagining Seeing”. Philosophical Explorations 13, no. 3: pp. 173–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/13869795.2010.501901
Dorsch, Fabian (2012). The Unity of Imagining. Berlin: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110325966
Dretske, Fred (1988). Explaining Behaviour. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press.
Evans, Gareth (1982). The Varieties of Reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Everson, Stephen (1988). “The Difference between Thinking and Feeling”. Mind 97: pp. 401–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/XCVII.387.401
Furlong, E. J. (1961). “Imagination in Hume’s ‘Treatise’ and ‘Enquiry concerning the Human Understanding’”. Philosophy 36, no. 136: pp. 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819100057831
Garrett, Don (1997). Cognition and Commitment in Hume’s Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Garrett, Don (2006). “Hume’s Naturalistic Theory of Representation”. Synthese 152, no. 3: pp. 301– 319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-006-9007-2
Garrett, Don (2008). “Hume’s Theory of Ideas”. In: A Companion to Hume. Ed. by Elizabeth S. Radcliffe. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell, pp. 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470696583.ch2
Gendler, Tamar (2000). “The Puzzle of Imaginative Resistance”. The Journal of Philosophy 97, no. 2: pp. 55–81. https://doi.org/10.2307/2678446
Gendler, Tamar (2006). “Imaginative resistance revisited”. In: The Architecture of the Imagination: New Essays on Pretence, Possibility, and Fiction. Ed. by Shaun Nichols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275731.003.0009
Gendler, Tamar and John Hawthorne (2002). Conceivability and Possibility. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gendler, Tamar and John Hawthorne (2006). “Introduction: Conceivability and Possibility”. In: Conceivability and Possibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Govier, Trudy (1972). “Variations on Force and Vivacity in Hume”. The Philosophical Quarterly 22, no. 86: pp. 44–52. https://doi.org/10.2307/2218590
Grene, Marjorie (1994). “The Objects of Hume’s Treatise”. Hume Studies 20, no. 2: pp. 163–177.
Hopkins, Robert (1998). Picture, Image and Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hume, David (1739/2007). A Treatise of Human Nature: a Critical Edition. Ed. by David Fate Norton and Mary J Norton. The Clarendon edition of the works of David Hume. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hume, David (1748/2007). An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hume, David (1757/2008). “Of the Standard of Taste”. In: Selected Essays. Ed. by Stephen Copley. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Husserl, Edmund (1901/1970). Logical Investigations. Vol. 2. London: Routledge.
Kail, Peter (2003). “Conceivability and Modality in Hume: A Lemma in an Argument in Defense of Skeptical Realism”. Hume Studies 29, no. 1: pp. 43–61.
Kant, Immanuel (1781/1999). Critique of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kölbel, Max and Dan Zeman, eds. (2012). Relativism about Value. The Southern Journal of Philosophy 50, no. 4, pp. 529–659.
Landy, David (2006). “Hume’s Impression/Idea Distinction”. Hume Studies 32, no. 1: pp. 119–139.
Laurence, Stephen and Eric Margolis (2012). “Abstraction and the Origin of General Ideas”. Philosophers’ Imprint 12, no. 19: pp. 1–22.
Lightner, D Tycerium (1997). “Hume on Conceivability and Inconceivability”. Hume Studies 23, no. 1: pp. 113–132.
Locke, John (1690/2008). An Essay concerning Human Understanding. Ed. by Pauline Phemister. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Loeb, Louis E. (2002). Stability and Justification in Hume’s Treatise. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0195146581.001.0001
MacFarlane, John (2014). Assessment Sensitivity: Relative Truth and its Applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199682751.001.0001
Malebranche, Nicolas (1674/1997). The Search after Truth. Ed. by Thomas M. Lennon and Paul J. Olscamp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. URL: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam027/96023819.html.
Martin, M. G. F. (2001). “Out of the Past: Episodic Recall as Retained Acquaintance”. In: Time and Memory. Ed. by Christoph Hoerl and Teresa McCormack. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 257–284.
Martin, M. G. F. (2002). “The Transparency of Experience”. Mind and Language 17, no. 4: pp. 376– 425. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00205
Martin, M. G. F. (2006). “In Praise of Self: Hume’s Love of Fame”. European Journal of Analytic Philosophy 2, no. 1: pp. 69–100.
Marušić, Jennifer Smalligan (2010). “Does Hume Hold a Dispositional Account of Belief?” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 40, no. 2: pp. 155–183. https://doi.org/10.1353/cjp.2010.0001
Millican, Peter (1998). “Hume on Reason and Induction”. Hume Studies 24, no. 1: pp. 141– 159.
Moran, Richard (1994). “The Expression of Feeling in Imagination”. The Philosophical Review 103: pp. 75–106. https://doi.org/10.2307/2185873
Morris, William Edward and Charlotte Brown (2013). “David Hume”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring Edition 2013). URL: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/hume/.
Munoz–Dardé, Véronique (2002). “Seminar on David Hume’s Treatise on Human Nature”. Unpublished Handout, University College London.
Nichols, Shaun (2006). The Architecture of the Imagination: New Essays on Pretence, Possibility, and Fiction. Oxford: Clarendon Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275731.001.0001
O’Shaughnessy, Brian (2003). Consciousness and the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199256721.001.0001
Owen, David (1999). Hume’s Reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Owens, David (2000). Reason Without Freedom: The Problem of Epistemic Normativity. London: Routledge.
Peacocke, Christopher (1985). “Imagination, Experience and Possibility”. In: Essays on Berkeley. Ed. by Howard Robinson and John Foster. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Powell, Lewis (2013). “How to Avoid Mis–Reiding Hume’s Maxim of Conceivability”. The Philosophical Quarterly 63, no. 250: pp. 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9213.2001
Prinz, Jesse (2002). Furnishing the Mind: Concepts and their Perceptual Basis. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3169.001.0001
Railton, Peter (2003). Facts, Values, and Norms: Essays toward a Morality of Consequence. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511613982
Reid, Thomas (1785/2002). Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Russow, Lilly–Marlene (1980). “Simple Ideas and Resemblance”. The Philosophical Quarterly 30, no. 121: pp. 342–350. https://doi.org/10.2307/2219527
Sartre, Jean P (1940/2004). The Imaginary: A Phenomenological Psychology of the Imagination. London: Routledge.
Schmitt, Frederick F. (2014). Hume’s Epistemology in the Treatise: A Veritistic Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199683116.001.0001
Strawson, Galen (1989). The Secret Connexion: Causation, Realism, and David Hume. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Stroud, Barry (1999). Hume. London: Routledge.
Traiger, Saul (2008). “Hume on Memory and Imagination”. In: A Companion to Hume. Ed. by Elizabeth S. Radcliffe. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell, pp. 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470696583.ch3
Van Leeuwen, Neil (2014). “The Meanings of “Imagine” Part II: Attitude and Action”. Philosophy Compass 9, no. 11, pp. 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12141
Walton, Kendall (1990). Mimesis as Make–Believe. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
Walton, Kendall (1994). “Morals in Fiction and Fictional Morality”. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. Supplementary Volumes 68: pp. 27–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/aristoteliansupp/68.1.27
Williams, Bernard (1973). “Deciding to Believe”. In: Problems of the Self: Philosophical Papers 1956–1972. Cambridge University Press, pp. 136–151. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621253.011
Williams, Bernard (1980). “Internal and External Reasons”. In: Moral Luck. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 101–113.
Winkler, Kenneth (1999). “Hume’s Inductive Skepticism”. In: The Empiricists: Critical Essays on Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Ed. by Margaret Atherton. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 183–212.
Woudenberg, Rene (2006). “Conceivability and Modal Knowledge”. Metaphilosophy 37, no. 2: pp. 210–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9973.2006.00425.x
Wright, John (2013). “The Understanding”. In: The Oxford Handbook of British Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199549023.013.008
Yablo, Stephen (1993). “Is Conceivability a Guide to Possibility?” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, pp. 1–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/2108052
Published
2018-12-31
How to Cite
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Dorsch, F. 2018. Hume on the Imagination. Disputatio. 7, 8 (Dec. 2018), a008. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2551858.
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