Science Communication in Higher Education under Post-Truth Conditions
Keywords:
Science Communication, Post-Truth, Misinformation, Pseudoscience, Higher Education
Abstract
Science communication currently operates within a context shaped by the expansion of misinformation, the consolidation of post-truth, and the persistence of pseudoscience, phenomena that reshape how scientific knowledge circulates and gains legitimacy in the public sphere. This article examines the role of science communication in higher education, aiming to identify its conceptual, ethical, and institutional foundations and its capacity to strengthen public understanding of science. A qualitative analytical approach was employed through the review of specialized literature on science communication, epistemological demarcation, post-truth, and hybrid media environments. The findings indicate that science communication cannot be reduced to information transmission but must incorporate participatory models, reflective competencies, and communicative strategies that account for cognitive, social, and media-related factors influencing knowledge reception. Furthermore, pseudoscience is shown to operate through strategies that simulate scientific legitimacy without adhering to epistemological standards. Here we show that a multidimensional articulation of science communication, integrating conceptual, pedagogical, ethical, and institutional dimensions, enables a more effective response to contemporary challenges. These findings contribute to understanding how higher education can foster epistemic trust and informed public deliberation in increasingly complex informational environments.
References
Abalo, Ernesto. 2025. «The scientification of risks and the risks of scientification: Insights from the coverage of artificial turf pitches as microplastic pollutants in Sweden». En Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media. Routledge.
Abysova, M., y S. Ordenov. 2025. «Methodological Strategies for the Philosophical Reception of Communication Processes in the Post-truth Era | Strategie metodologiczne recepcji filozoficznej procesów komunikacyjnych w epoce postprawdy». Studia Warminskie 62: 53-66. https://doi.org/10.31648/sw.11970.
Barbati, Juliana L., Kaylin L. Duncan, Kun Yan, et al. 2025. «The Scope and Effects of Vaccine Misinformation on Social Media». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch8.
Bárdos, Dániel, y Adam Tamás Tuboly. 2025. Science, Pseudoscience, and the Demarcation Problem. Cambridge University Press.
Bauer, Martin W. 2008. «Paradigm Change for Science Communication: Commercial Science Needs a Critical Public». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_1.
Bay, Jacquie L., y Suzanne A. Trask. 2022. «Education and Science Communication: Translation of DOHaD Evidence for Health Benefit». En Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 2.a ed., editado por Keith M. Godfrey, Lucilla Poston, Mark A. Hanson, y Peter D. Gluckman. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009272254.020.
Bennett, David J., y Richard C. Jennings, eds. 2011. Successful Science Communication: Telling It Like It Is. Cambridge University Press.
Bennett, W. Lance, y Steven Livingston. 2018. «The Disinformation Order: Disruptive Communication and the Decline of Democratic Institutions». European Journal of Communication 33 (2): 122-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317.
Bennett, W. Lance, y Steven Livingston, eds. 2020. The Disinformation Age. SSRC Anxieties of Democracy. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108914628.
Bevan, Bronwyn, y Brooke Smith. 2020. «United States of America: Science communication in the USA: It’s complicated». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.40.
Bodmer, Walter. 2011. «Foreword». En Successful Science Communication: Telling It Like It Is, editado por David J. Bennett y Richard C. Jennings. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760228.001.
Boudry, Maarten. 2013. «Loki’s Wager and Laudan’s Error: Genuine on Demarcation Territorial». En Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, editado por Massimo Pigliucci. University of Chicago Press. https://philarchive.org/rec/GENLWA.
Broks, P. 2017. «Science communication: Process, power and politics». Journal of Science Communication 16 (4): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.22323/2.16040302.
Cheng, Donghong, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi, eds. 2008. Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices. Springer.
Claessens, Michel. 2008. «European Trends in Science Communication». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_2.
Claessens, Michel. 2011. «Research and public communication in EU policy and practice». En Successful Science Communication: Telling It Like It Is, editado por David J. Bennett y Richard C. Jennings. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760228.012.
Compton, Josh. 2025. «Inoculation Approaches to Science Misinformation Correction». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch12.
Daza-Caicedo, Sandra, Luisa Barbosa-Gómez, Tania Arboleda-Castrillón, y Marcela Lozano-Borda. 2020. «Colombia: Stories in the history of science communication». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.10.
Dijkstra, Anne M., Frans Van Dam, y Maarten Van Der Sanden. 2020. «The Netherlands: From the first science information officers to the Dutch Research Agenda». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.25.
Dobmeier, Christopher M., Jessica A. Zier, y Nathan Walter. 2025. «Characteristics of Crisis Misinformation Messages on Social Media». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch1.
Dutilh Novaes, Catarina. 2022. «Argument and Argumentation». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2022, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/argument/.
Ecker, U. K. H., S. Lewandowsky, J. Cook, et al. 2022. «The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction». Nature Reviews Psychology 1 (1): 13-29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y.
Ecker, Ullrich K. H., Stephan Lewandowsky, y Darren T. W. Tang. 2010. «Explicit Warnings Reduce but Do Not Eliminate the Continued Influence of Misinformation». Memory & Cognition 38: 1087-100.
Edis, Taner. 2020. «A Revolt Against Expertise: Pseudoscience, Right-Wing Populism, and Post-Truth Politicst». Disputatio 9 (13): 67-95. https://doi.org/10.63413/DISPUTATIO.438.
Epley, Nicholas, y Thomas Gilovich. 2016. «The Mechanics of Motivated Reasoning». Journal of Economic Perspectives 30 (3): 133-40.
Escalas, Jennifer Edson. 2004. «Narrative Processing: Building Consumer Connections to Brands». Journal of Consumer Psychology 14 (1-2): 168-80.
European Commission, HLEG. 2018. «A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Disinformation». European Commission.
Fasce, Angelo. 2017a. «El engaño de la pseudociencia». Revista Mètode, diciembre 18. https://metode.es/revistas-metode/monograficos/engano-pseudociencia-intro.html.
Fasce, Angelo. 2017b. «What do we mean when we speak of pseudoscience? The development of a demarcation criterion based on the analysis of twenty-one previous attempts». Disputatio 6 (7): 459-88. https://doi.org/10.63413/DISPUTATIO.281.
Fernandez-Beanato, Damian. 2020. «The Multicriterial Approach to the Problem of Demarcation». Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 51 (3): 375-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10838-020-09507-5.
Fischer, Frank. 2021. Truth and Post-Truth in Public Policy: Interpreting the Arguments. Cambridge University Press.
Flipse, Steven M., Maarten C. A. van der Sanden, Maud Radstake, Johannes H. De Winde, y Patricia Osseweijer. 2014. «The DNA of Socially Responsible Innovation». The EMBO Reports 15 (2): 134-37. https://doi.org/10.1002/embr.201337949.
Gascoigne, Toss, y Bernard Schiele. 2020. «Introduction: A global trend, an emerging field, a multiplicity of understandings: Science communication in 39 countries». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.01.
Gascoigne, Toss, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, y Michelle Riedlinger, eds. 2020. Communicating Science: A Global Perspective. ANU Press.
Geegan, S. A., B. Ivanov, y K. A. Parker. 2023. «Inoculation within Character Limits: Terse Messages to Promote Gen Z Mental Health». Journal of Communication and Media Studies 8 (2): 65-86.
Geegan, Sarah A., Bobi Ivanov, y Kimberly A. Parker. 2025. «Persuasion, Resistance, and Online Misinformation During Crisis». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch4.
Gordin, Michael D. 2021. On the Fringe: Where Science Meets Pseudoscience. Oxford University Press.
Gouga, G., y I. Kamarianos. 2019. «The university at the time of post-truth | Το Πανεπιστήμιο την εποχή της Μετα-Αλήθειας». Academia Greece 2019 (14): 26-38.
Green, Melanie C., y Timothy C. Brock. 2000. «The Role of Transportation in the Persuasiveness of Public Narratives». Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (5): 701-21.
Hanafiah, K. Mohd. 2018. «Communicating science: A shared responsibility». Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 25 (5): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2018.25.5.1.
Hansson, Sven Ove. 2013. Defining Pseudoscience and Science. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226051826.003.0005.
Hansson, Sven Ove. 2018. «How connected are the major forms of irrationality?: An analysis of pseudoscience, science denial, fact resistance and alternative facts». Metode 2018 (8): 125-31. https://doi.org/10.7203/METODE.8.10005.
Hansson, Sven Ove. 2020. «How not to defend science. A Decalogue for science defenders». Disputatio 9 (13): 197-225. https://doi.org/10.63413/DISPUTATIO.443.
Hansson, Sven Ove. 2025. «Science and Pseudo-Science». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2025, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/pseudo-science/.
Hitchcock, David. 2024. «Critical Thinking». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2024, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/critical-thinking/.
Horst, Maja. 2008. «In Search of Dialogue: Staging Science Communication in Consensus Conferences». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_15.
Howard, Jeffrey W. 2024. «Freedom of Speech». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2024, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2024/entries/freedom-speech/.
Ivanov, Bobi. 2017. «Inoculation Theory Applied in Health and Risk Messaging». En Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. Oxford University Press.
Jeanneret, Yves. 2008. «The Epistemic Jumble of Sustainable Development». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_14.
Jönsson, Anna Maria. 2025. «Mediated science and issues of public knowledge and trust». En Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media. Routledge.
Jönsson, Anna Maria, Mette Marie Roslyng, y Anna Rantasila. 2025. «Introduction: Contesting truths in science and environment communication». En Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media. Routledge.
Kahan, Dan M. 2017. «Misconceptions, Misinformation, and the Logic of Identity-Protective Cognition». SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 2973067. Social Science Research Network, mayo 24. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2973067.
Kaufman, Allison B., y James C. Kaufman, eds. 2018. Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science. The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10747.001.0001.
Koertge, Noretta. 2013. «Belief Buddies Versus Critical Communities the Social Organization Ofpseudoscience». En Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, editado por Massimo Pigliucci y Maarten Boudry. University of Chicago Press.
Kolodny, Niko, y John Brunero. 2023. «Instrumental Rationality». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2023, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/rationality-instrumental/.
Ladyman, James A. C. 2013. «Towards a demarcation of science from pseudoscience». En The Philosophy of Pseudoscience, editado por Massimo Pigliucci y Maarten Boudry. University of Chicago Press.
Lapsley, D., y D. Chaloner. 2020. «Post-truth and science identity: A virtue-based approach to science education». Educational Psychologist 55 (3): 132-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2020.1778480.
Larsen, Gorm, y Mette Marie Roslyng. 2025. «Knowledge and counter-knowledge: The construction of facts in the vaccination debate». En Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media. Routledge.
Lee, Jiyoung, Sai Datta Mikkilineni, y Eunsung Lee. 2025. «Emerging Media, Emotions, and Misperceptions in Health Crisis». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch3.
Lewandowsky, S., U. K. H. Ecker, y J. Cook. 2017. «Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the “Post-Truth” Era». Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 6 (4): 353-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008.
Lin, Tong, Yuan Wang, Kathryn Thier, y Xiaoli Nan. 2025. «Understanding and Mitigating Vaccine Misinformation on Social Media». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch7.
Longino, H. E. 2018. The fate of knowledge. En Fate of Knowledge.
Longino, Helen. 2026. «The Social Dimensions of Scientific Knowledge». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2026, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/scientific-knowledge-social/.
Ludwig, David, y Stéphanie Ruphy. 2026. «Scientific Pluralism». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2026, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/scientific-pluralism/.
Mahner, Martin. 2013. «Science and Pseudoscience How to Demarcate After the (Alleged) Demise». En Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, editado por Massimo Pigliucci y Maarten Boudry. University of Chicago Press.
Massarani, Luisa, y Ildeu De Castro Moreira. 2020. «Brazil: History, significant breakthroughs and present challenges in science communication». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.07.
Masson, Anne-Lotte, Jenni Metcalfe, y Patricia Osseweijer. 2016. «Motivating Engagement». En Science and Technology Education and Communication: Seeking Synergy, editado por Maarten C. A. van der Sanden y Marc J. de Vries. SensePublishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-738-2_4.
McIntyre, Lee. 2018. Post-Truth. MIT Press.
Meyer, Gitte. 2018. The Science Communication Challenge: Truth and Disagreement in Democratic Knowledge Societies. Anthem Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/science-communication-challenge/C231CD0A2C3DE5BD0530F9778780133F.
Moretti, Luca, y Tommaso Piazza. 2023. «Transmission of Justification and Warrant». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2023, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entriesransmission-justification-warrant/.
Müller, Vincent C. 2026. «Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2026, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2026/entries/ethics-ai/.
Nickles, Thomas. 2013. «The Problem of Demarcation: History and Future». En Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, editado por Massimo Pigliucci y Maarten Boudry. University of Chicago Press.
Niiniluoto, Ilkka. 2025. «Scientific Progress». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2025, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2025/entries/scientific-progress/.
Nordmann, Alfred. 2011. «The ethos of science vs. ethics of science communication: on deficit and surplus models of science–society interaction». En Successful Science Communication: Telling It Like It Is, editado por David J. Bennett y Richard C. Jennings. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760228.010.
O’Connor, Cailin, Sanford Goldberg, y Alvin Goldman. 2024. «Social Epistemology». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2024, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/epistemology-social/.
O’Connor, Cailin, y James Owen Weatherall. 2019. The Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread. Yale university press.
Parker, J. 2024. «The Role of Higher Education in the Post-Truth Era». Journal of Political Science Education 20 (3): 391-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/15512169.2024.2354972.
Pellegrini, Giuseppe. 2008. «Representation and Deliberation: New Perspectives on Communication Among Actors in Science and Technology Innovation». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_4.
Peters, Hans Peter, Harald Heinrichs, Arlena Jung, Monika Kallfass, y Imme Petersen. 2008. «Medialization of Science as a Prerequisite of Its Legitimization and Political Relevance». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_5.
Pigliucci, Massimo. 2013. «The Demarcation Problem: A (Belated) Response to Laudan». En Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, editado por Massimo Pigliucci y Maarten Boudry. University of Chicago Press. https://philarchive.org/rec/PIGTDP.
Pigliucci, Massimo, y Maarten Boudry, eds. 2013. Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University of Chicago Press.
Piglucci, Massimo. 2020. «How to behave virtuously in an irrational world». Disputatio 9 (13): 429-47. https://doi.org/10.63413/DISPUTATIO.453.
Pritchard, Duncan, John Turri, y J. Adam Carter. 2025. «The Value of Knowledge». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2025, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/knowledge-value/.
Rantasila, Anna. 2025. «Constructing trust through affective discipline: Finnish nuclear energy experts and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster». En Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media. Routledge.
Resnik, David B., y Kevin C. Elliott. 2023. «Science, Values, and the New Demarcation Problem». Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 54 (2): 259-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10838-022-09633-2.
Riise, Jan. 2008. «Bringing Science to the Public». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_18.
Roslyng, Mette M., Anna Rantasila, y Anna Maria Jönsson, eds. 2025. Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media: Constructed Facts, Contested Truths. Routledge.
Roslyng, Mette Marie, Anna Rantasila, y Anna Maria Jönsson, eds. 2025. Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media: Constructed Facts, Contested Truths. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003479550.
Ruse, Michael. 2020. «Pseudoscience: Objective or Subjective?» Disputatio 9 (13): 327-48. https://doi.org/10.63413/DISPUTATIO.449.
Russell, Nicholas. 2009. Communicating Science: Professional, Popular, Literary. Cambridge University Press.
Sanden, Maarten C. A. van der, y Marc J. de Vries. 2016. «Innovation in Science and Technology Education and Communication through Design Thinking». En Science and Technology Education and Communication: Seeking Synergy, editado por Maarten C. A. van der Sanden y Marc J. de Vries. SensePublishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-738-2_8.
Schiele, Bernard, y Toss Gascoigne. 2020. «The Timelines: A broad‑brush analysis». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.02.
Smallman, Melanie, Simon J. Lock, y Steve Miller. 2020. «United Kingdom: The developing relationship between science and society». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.39.
Tang, Rongwei, Caitlin B. Neal, y Emily K. Vraga. 2025. «Misinformation Identification and Correction». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch9.
Trench, Brian. 2008. «Towards an Analytical Framework of Science Communication Models». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_7.
Turri, John, Mark Alfano, y John Greco. 2021. «Virtue Epistemology». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2021, editado por Edward N. Zalta. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/epistemology-virtue/.
Vacura, Miroslav. 2020. «Emergence of the Post-truth Situation: Its Sources and Contexts». Disputatio 9 (13): 49-65. https://doi.org/10.63413/DISPUTATIO.437.
Vaino, K., K. Korfiatis, A. Astapova, O. Popov, A. Valdmann, y H. Orru. 2026. «Navigating Post-truth: Challenges and Opportunities for Science Education Through Evolving Scientific Literacy Visions». Science and Education, advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-026-00736-6.
Vallor, Shannon. 2022. «Social Networking and Ethics». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2022, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/ethics-social-networking/.
Vécsey, Virág. 2025. «Web of denial: Climate change denial discourse on Instagram». En Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media. Routledge.
Vries, Marc J. de, y Maarten C. A. van der Sanden. 2016. «Science and Technology Education and Communication». En Science and Technology Education and Communication: Seeking Synergy, editado por Maarten C. A. van der Sanden y Marc J. de Vries. SensePublishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-738-2_1.
Wallace, R. Jay, y Benjamin Kiesewetter. 2025. «Practical Reason». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2025, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2025/entries/practical-reason/.
Wright, Kevin B. 2025. «Social Media Networks, Social Support, and Misinformation During Crisis Situations». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch2.
Abysova, M., y S. Ordenov. 2025. «Methodological Strategies for the Philosophical Reception of Communication Processes in the Post-truth Era | Strategie metodologiczne recepcji filozoficznej procesów komunikacyjnych w epoce postprawdy». Studia Warminskie 62: 53-66. https://doi.org/10.31648/sw.11970.
Barbati, Juliana L., Kaylin L. Duncan, Kun Yan, et al. 2025. «The Scope and Effects of Vaccine Misinformation on Social Media». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch8.
Bárdos, Dániel, y Adam Tamás Tuboly. 2025. Science, Pseudoscience, and the Demarcation Problem. Cambridge University Press.
Bauer, Martin W. 2008. «Paradigm Change for Science Communication: Commercial Science Needs a Critical Public». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_1.
Bay, Jacquie L., y Suzanne A. Trask. 2022. «Education and Science Communication: Translation of DOHaD Evidence for Health Benefit». En Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 2.a ed., editado por Keith M. Godfrey, Lucilla Poston, Mark A. Hanson, y Peter D. Gluckman. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009272254.020.
Bennett, David J., y Richard C. Jennings, eds. 2011. Successful Science Communication: Telling It Like It Is. Cambridge University Press.
Bennett, W. Lance, y Steven Livingston. 2018. «The Disinformation Order: Disruptive Communication and the Decline of Democratic Institutions». European Journal of Communication 33 (2): 122-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317.
Bennett, W. Lance, y Steven Livingston, eds. 2020. The Disinformation Age. SSRC Anxieties of Democracy. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108914628.
Bevan, Bronwyn, y Brooke Smith. 2020. «United States of America: Science communication in the USA: It’s complicated». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.40.
Bodmer, Walter. 2011. «Foreword». En Successful Science Communication: Telling It Like It Is, editado por David J. Bennett y Richard C. Jennings. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760228.001.
Boudry, Maarten. 2013. «Loki’s Wager and Laudan’s Error: Genuine on Demarcation Territorial». En Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, editado por Massimo Pigliucci. University of Chicago Press. https://philarchive.org/rec/GENLWA.
Broks, P. 2017. «Science communication: Process, power and politics». Journal of Science Communication 16 (4): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.22323/2.16040302.
Cheng, Donghong, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi, eds. 2008. Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices. Springer.
Claessens, Michel. 2008. «European Trends in Science Communication». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_2.
Claessens, Michel. 2011. «Research and public communication in EU policy and practice». En Successful Science Communication: Telling It Like It Is, editado por David J. Bennett y Richard C. Jennings. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760228.012.
Compton, Josh. 2025. «Inoculation Approaches to Science Misinformation Correction». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch12.
Daza-Caicedo, Sandra, Luisa Barbosa-Gómez, Tania Arboleda-Castrillón, y Marcela Lozano-Borda. 2020. «Colombia: Stories in the history of science communication». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.10.
Dijkstra, Anne M., Frans Van Dam, y Maarten Van Der Sanden. 2020. «The Netherlands: From the first science information officers to the Dutch Research Agenda». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.25.
Dobmeier, Christopher M., Jessica A. Zier, y Nathan Walter. 2025. «Characteristics of Crisis Misinformation Messages on Social Media». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch1.
Dutilh Novaes, Catarina. 2022. «Argument and Argumentation». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2022, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/argument/.
Ecker, U. K. H., S. Lewandowsky, J. Cook, et al. 2022. «The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction». Nature Reviews Psychology 1 (1): 13-29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y.
Ecker, Ullrich K. H., Stephan Lewandowsky, y Darren T. W. Tang. 2010. «Explicit Warnings Reduce but Do Not Eliminate the Continued Influence of Misinformation». Memory & Cognition 38: 1087-100.
Edis, Taner. 2020. «A Revolt Against Expertise: Pseudoscience, Right-Wing Populism, and Post-Truth Politicst». Disputatio 9 (13): 67-95. https://doi.org/10.63413/DISPUTATIO.438.
Epley, Nicholas, y Thomas Gilovich. 2016. «The Mechanics of Motivated Reasoning». Journal of Economic Perspectives 30 (3): 133-40.
Escalas, Jennifer Edson. 2004. «Narrative Processing: Building Consumer Connections to Brands». Journal of Consumer Psychology 14 (1-2): 168-80.
European Commission, HLEG. 2018. «A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Disinformation». European Commission.
Fasce, Angelo. 2017a. «El engaño de la pseudociencia». Revista Mètode, diciembre 18. https://metode.es/revistas-metode/monograficos/engano-pseudociencia-intro.html.
Fasce, Angelo. 2017b. «What do we mean when we speak of pseudoscience? The development of a demarcation criterion based on the analysis of twenty-one previous attempts». Disputatio 6 (7): 459-88. https://doi.org/10.63413/DISPUTATIO.281.
Fernandez-Beanato, Damian. 2020. «The Multicriterial Approach to the Problem of Demarcation». Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 51 (3): 375-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10838-020-09507-5.
Fischer, Frank. 2021. Truth and Post-Truth in Public Policy: Interpreting the Arguments. Cambridge University Press.
Flipse, Steven M., Maarten C. A. van der Sanden, Maud Radstake, Johannes H. De Winde, y Patricia Osseweijer. 2014. «The DNA of Socially Responsible Innovation». The EMBO Reports 15 (2): 134-37. https://doi.org/10.1002/embr.201337949.
Gascoigne, Toss, y Bernard Schiele. 2020. «Introduction: A global trend, an emerging field, a multiplicity of understandings: Science communication in 39 countries». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.01.
Gascoigne, Toss, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, y Michelle Riedlinger, eds. 2020. Communicating Science: A Global Perspective. ANU Press.
Geegan, S. A., B. Ivanov, y K. A. Parker. 2023. «Inoculation within Character Limits: Terse Messages to Promote Gen Z Mental Health». Journal of Communication and Media Studies 8 (2): 65-86.
Geegan, Sarah A., Bobi Ivanov, y Kimberly A. Parker. 2025. «Persuasion, Resistance, and Online Misinformation During Crisis». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch4.
Gordin, Michael D. 2021. On the Fringe: Where Science Meets Pseudoscience. Oxford University Press.
Gouga, G., y I. Kamarianos. 2019. «The university at the time of post-truth | Το Πανεπιστήμιο την εποχή της Μετα-Αλήθειας». Academia Greece 2019 (14): 26-38.
Green, Melanie C., y Timothy C. Brock. 2000. «The Role of Transportation in the Persuasiveness of Public Narratives». Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (5): 701-21.
Hanafiah, K. Mohd. 2018. «Communicating science: A shared responsibility». Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 25 (5): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2018.25.5.1.
Hansson, Sven Ove. 2013. Defining Pseudoscience and Science. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226051826.003.0005.
Hansson, Sven Ove. 2018. «How connected are the major forms of irrationality?: An analysis of pseudoscience, science denial, fact resistance and alternative facts». Metode 2018 (8): 125-31. https://doi.org/10.7203/METODE.8.10005.
Hansson, Sven Ove. 2020. «How not to defend science. A Decalogue for science defenders». Disputatio 9 (13): 197-225. https://doi.org/10.63413/DISPUTATIO.443.
Hansson, Sven Ove. 2025. «Science and Pseudo-Science». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2025, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/pseudo-science/.
Hitchcock, David. 2024. «Critical Thinking». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2024, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/critical-thinking/.
Horst, Maja. 2008. «In Search of Dialogue: Staging Science Communication in Consensus Conferences». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_15.
Howard, Jeffrey W. 2024. «Freedom of Speech». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2024, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2024/entries/freedom-speech/.
Ivanov, Bobi. 2017. «Inoculation Theory Applied in Health and Risk Messaging». En Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. Oxford University Press.
Jeanneret, Yves. 2008. «The Epistemic Jumble of Sustainable Development». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_14.
Jönsson, Anna Maria. 2025. «Mediated science and issues of public knowledge and trust». En Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media. Routledge.
Jönsson, Anna Maria, Mette Marie Roslyng, y Anna Rantasila. 2025. «Introduction: Contesting truths in science and environment communication». En Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media. Routledge.
Kahan, Dan M. 2017. «Misconceptions, Misinformation, and the Logic of Identity-Protective Cognition». SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 2973067. Social Science Research Network, mayo 24. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2973067.
Kaufman, Allison B., y James C. Kaufman, eds. 2018. Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science. The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10747.001.0001.
Koertge, Noretta. 2013. «Belief Buddies Versus Critical Communities the Social Organization Ofpseudoscience». En Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, editado por Massimo Pigliucci y Maarten Boudry. University of Chicago Press.
Kolodny, Niko, y John Brunero. 2023. «Instrumental Rationality». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2023, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/rationality-instrumental/.
Ladyman, James A. C. 2013. «Towards a demarcation of science from pseudoscience». En The Philosophy of Pseudoscience, editado por Massimo Pigliucci y Maarten Boudry. University of Chicago Press.
Lapsley, D., y D. Chaloner. 2020. «Post-truth and science identity: A virtue-based approach to science education». Educational Psychologist 55 (3): 132-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2020.1778480.
Larsen, Gorm, y Mette Marie Roslyng. 2025. «Knowledge and counter-knowledge: The construction of facts in the vaccination debate». En Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media. Routledge.
Lee, Jiyoung, Sai Datta Mikkilineni, y Eunsung Lee. 2025. «Emerging Media, Emotions, and Misperceptions in Health Crisis». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch3.
Lewandowsky, S., U. K. H. Ecker, y J. Cook. 2017. «Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the “Post-Truth” Era». Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 6 (4): 353-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008.
Lin, Tong, Yuan Wang, Kathryn Thier, y Xiaoli Nan. 2025. «Understanding and Mitigating Vaccine Misinformation on Social Media». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch7.
Longino, H. E. 2018. The fate of knowledge. En Fate of Knowledge.
Longino, Helen. 2026. «The Social Dimensions of Scientific Knowledge». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2026, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/scientific-knowledge-social/.
Ludwig, David, y Stéphanie Ruphy. 2026. «Scientific Pluralism». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2026, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/scientific-pluralism/.
Mahner, Martin. 2013. «Science and Pseudoscience How to Demarcate After the (Alleged) Demise». En Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, editado por Massimo Pigliucci y Maarten Boudry. University of Chicago Press.
Massarani, Luisa, y Ildeu De Castro Moreira. 2020. «Brazil: History, significant breakthroughs and present challenges in science communication». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.07.
Masson, Anne-Lotte, Jenni Metcalfe, y Patricia Osseweijer. 2016. «Motivating Engagement». En Science and Technology Education and Communication: Seeking Synergy, editado por Maarten C. A. van der Sanden y Marc J. de Vries. SensePublishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-738-2_4.
McIntyre, Lee. 2018. Post-Truth. MIT Press.
Meyer, Gitte. 2018. The Science Communication Challenge: Truth and Disagreement in Democratic Knowledge Societies. Anthem Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/science-communication-challenge/C231CD0A2C3DE5BD0530F9778780133F.
Moretti, Luca, y Tommaso Piazza. 2023. «Transmission of Justification and Warrant». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2023, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entriesransmission-justification-warrant/.
Müller, Vincent C. 2026. «Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2026, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2026/entries/ethics-ai/.
Nickles, Thomas. 2013. «The Problem of Demarcation: History and Future». En Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, editado por Massimo Pigliucci y Maarten Boudry. University of Chicago Press.
Niiniluoto, Ilkka. 2025. «Scientific Progress». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2025, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2025/entries/scientific-progress/.
Nordmann, Alfred. 2011. «The ethos of science vs. ethics of science communication: on deficit and surplus models of science–society interaction». En Successful Science Communication: Telling It Like It Is, editado por David J. Bennett y Richard C. Jennings. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760228.010.
O’Connor, Cailin, Sanford Goldberg, y Alvin Goldman. 2024. «Social Epistemology». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2024, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/epistemology-social/.
O’Connor, Cailin, y James Owen Weatherall. 2019. The Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread. Yale university press.
Parker, J. 2024. «The Role of Higher Education in the Post-Truth Era». Journal of Political Science Education 20 (3): 391-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/15512169.2024.2354972.
Pellegrini, Giuseppe. 2008. «Representation and Deliberation: New Perspectives on Communication Among Actors in Science and Technology Innovation». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_4.
Peters, Hans Peter, Harald Heinrichs, Arlena Jung, Monika Kallfass, y Imme Petersen. 2008. «Medialization of Science as a Prerequisite of Its Legitimization and Political Relevance». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_5.
Pigliucci, Massimo. 2013. «The Demarcation Problem: A (Belated) Response to Laudan». En Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, editado por Massimo Pigliucci y Maarten Boudry. University of Chicago Press. https://philarchive.org/rec/PIGTDP.
Pigliucci, Massimo, y Maarten Boudry, eds. 2013. Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University of Chicago Press.
Piglucci, Massimo. 2020. «How to behave virtuously in an irrational world». Disputatio 9 (13): 429-47. https://doi.org/10.63413/DISPUTATIO.453.
Pritchard, Duncan, John Turri, y J. Adam Carter. 2025. «The Value of Knowledge». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2025, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/knowledge-value/.
Rantasila, Anna. 2025. «Constructing trust through affective discipline: Finnish nuclear energy experts and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster». En Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media. Routledge.
Resnik, David B., y Kevin C. Elliott. 2023. «Science, Values, and the New Demarcation Problem». Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 54 (2): 259-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10838-022-09633-2.
Riise, Jan. 2008. «Bringing Science to the Public». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_18.
Roslyng, Mette M., Anna Rantasila, y Anna Maria Jönsson, eds. 2025. Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media: Constructed Facts, Contested Truths. Routledge.
Roslyng, Mette Marie, Anna Rantasila, y Anna Maria Jönsson, eds. 2025. Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media: Constructed Facts, Contested Truths. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003479550.
Ruse, Michael. 2020. «Pseudoscience: Objective or Subjective?» Disputatio 9 (13): 327-48. https://doi.org/10.63413/DISPUTATIO.449.
Russell, Nicholas. 2009. Communicating Science: Professional, Popular, Literary. Cambridge University Press.
Sanden, Maarten C. A. van der, y Marc J. de Vries. 2016. «Innovation in Science and Technology Education and Communication through Design Thinking». En Science and Technology Education and Communication: Seeking Synergy, editado por Maarten C. A. van der Sanden y Marc J. de Vries. SensePublishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-738-2_8.
Schiele, Bernard, y Toss Gascoigne. 2020. «The Timelines: A broad‑brush analysis». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.02.
Smallman, Melanie, Simon J. Lock, y Steve Miller. 2020. «United Kingdom: The developing relationship between science and society». En Communicating Science: A Global Perspective, 1.a ed., editado por Toss Gascoigne, Bernard Schiele, Joan Leach, et al. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/CS.2020.39.
Tang, Rongwei, Caitlin B. Neal, y Emily K. Vraga. 2025. «Misinformation Identification and Correction». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch9.
Trench, Brian. 2008. «Towards an Analytical Framework of Science Communication Models». En Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, editado por Donghong Cheng, Michel Claessens, Toss Gascoigne, Jenni Metcalfe, Bernard Schiele, y Shunke Shi. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8598-7_7.
Turri, John, Mark Alfano, y John Greco. 2021. «Virtue Epistemology». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2021, editado por Edward N. Zalta. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/epistemology-virtue/.
Vacura, Miroslav. 2020. «Emergence of the Post-truth Situation: Its Sources and Contexts». Disputatio 9 (13): 49-65. https://doi.org/10.63413/DISPUTATIO.437.
Vaino, K., K. Korfiatis, A. Astapova, O. Popov, A. Valdmann, y H. Orru. 2026. «Navigating Post-truth: Challenges and Opportunities for Science Education Through Evolving Scientific Literacy Visions». Science and Education, advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-026-00736-6.
Vallor, Shannon. 2022. «Social Networking and Ethics». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2022, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/ethics-social-networking/.
Vécsey, Virág. 2025. «Web of denial: Climate change denial discourse on Instagram». En Communicating Science, Climate Change and the Environment in Hybrid Media. Routledge.
Vries, Marc J. de, y Maarten C. A. van der Sanden. 2016. «Science and Technology Education and Communication». En Science and Technology Education and Communication: Seeking Synergy, editado por Maarten C. A. van der Sanden y Marc J. de Vries. SensePublishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-738-2_1.
Wallace, R. Jay, y Benjamin Kiesewetter. 2025. «Practical Reason». En The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2025, editado por Edward N. Zalta y Uri Nodelman. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2025/entries/practical-reason/.
Wright, Kevin B. 2025. «Social Media Networks, Social Support, and Misinformation During Crisis Situations». En Communication and Misinformation. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394184972.ch2.
Published
2026-05-28
How to Cite
[1]
Vélez León, P. 2026. Science Communication in Higher Education under Post-Truth Conditions. Disputatio. (May 2026), 1-33.
Issue
Section
Articles and Essays
Copyright (c) 2026 © Disputatio
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright notice and open access policy: https://studiahumanitatis.eu/ojs/index.php/disputatio/policies/copyright
Disputatio (Madrid, ISSN: 2254-0601)
. See 