Wittgenstein: iconicidad en el lenguaje y «experiencia del significado»
Palabras clave:
Iconicidad, Simbolismo Sonoro, Sinestesia Lingüística, Experiencia de Significado, Wittgenstein
Resumen
Frente a la casi unánime aceptación de la tesis de la arbitrariedad del signo, es posible defender, sobre la base de estudios recientes de la lingüística cognitiva, la tesis de la importancia relativa de la iconicidad en los lenguajes naturales. Diversas manifestaciones del fenómeno icónico conocido como «simbolismo sonoro» fortalecen además la adecuación de un enfoque multimodal del lenguaje, diferente al prevalente tanto en la lingüística como en la filosofía analítica del lenguaje. En este trabajo me propongo mostrar que Wittgenstein identificó correctamente estos fenómenos icónicos y multimodales como casos de “experiencia del significado” y que sus investigaciones son compatibles con los resultados mencionados de la lingüística cognitiva.
Referencias
Akita, Kimi (2013). «The lexical iconicity hierarchy and its grammatical correlates». En: Iconic Investigations, editado por Lars Elleström, Olga Fisher y Christina Ljungberg. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing, pp. 331-349.
Bankieris, Kaytlin y Simner, Julia (2014). «Sound-symbolism in synaesthesia: Evidence from a lexical-gustatory synesthete». Neurocase 20, no. 6: pp. 640-651. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2013.826693
Bankieris, Kaytlin y Simner, Julia (2015). «What is the link between synaesthesia and sound symbolism?». Cognition 136: pp. 186-195. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.013
Berlin, Brent (1994). «Evidence for pervasive synesthetic sound symbolism in ethnozoological nomenclature». En: Sound Symbolism, editado por Leanne Hinton, Johanna Nichols, John J. Ohala. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 76-93.
Blasi, Damián E., Wichmann, Soren, Hammarström, Harald, Stadler, Peter F. y Christiansen, Morten H. (2016). «Sound-meaning association biases evidenced across thousands of languages». PNAS: pp. 10818-10823. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1605782113
Bolinger, D. (1985). «The inherent iconism of intonation». En: Iconicity in Syntax, Proceedings of a Symposium on Iconicity in Syntax, editado por J. Haiman. Stanford: Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 97-108.
Borges, Jorge Luis (1974). Obras Completas. Buenos Aires: Emecé Ed.
Chomsky, Noam (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
Chomsky, Noam (1959). «A Review of B. F. Skinners Verbal Behavior». Language 35: pp. 26-58. doi: 10.2307/411334
Christiansen, Morten H. y Monaghan, Padraic (2015). «Division of Labor in Vocabulary Structure: Insight of Corpus Analyses». Topics in Cognitive Science 8, no. 3: pp. 610-24. doi: 10.1111/tops.12164
De Saussure, Ferdinand (1945). Curso de Lingüística General. Buenos Aires: Ed. Losada, 1945.
Dingemanse, Mark, Blasi, Damián E., Lupyan, Gary, Christiansen, Morten H. y Monaghan, Padraic (2015). «Arbitrariness, Iconicity, and Systematicity in Language». Trends in Cognitive Science 19, no. 10: pp. 603-615. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.013
Dingemanse, Mark, Schuerman, Will, Reinisch, Eva, Tufvesson, Sylvia y Mitterer, Holger (2016). «What sound symbolism can and cannot do: Testing the iconicity of ideophones from five languages». Language 92, no. 2: pp. 117-133. doi: 10.1353/lan.2016.0034
Eagleman, David (2012). «Synaesthesia in its Protean Guises». British Journal of Psychology 103: pp. 16-19. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02020.x
Evans, Nicholas y Levinson, Stephen C. (2009). «The myth of language universals: language diversity and its importance for cognitive science». Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32: pp. 429-492. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X0999094X
Fermandois, Eduardo (2009). «Imagen, Aspecto y Emoción: Apuntes para una Fenomenología de la Metáfora». Ideas y Valores 140: pp. 5-31.
Fermandois, Eduardo (2011). «Vivencia de palabras, significado secundario y poesía. Sobre la idea de un lenguaje propiamente humano en Wittgenstein». Aisthesis 49: pp. 217-229. doi: 10.4067/S0718-71812011000100014
Firth, John R. (1930). Speech. London: Ernest Benn.
Fisher, Andreas (1999). «What, if anything, is phonological iconicity?». En: Form Miming Meaning: Iconicity in Language and Literature, editado por Max Nänny y Olga Fisher. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 123-133. doi: 10.1075/ill.1.12fis
Fisher, Olga y Nänny, Max (1999). «Introduction: Iconicity as a creative force in linguistic use». En: Form Miming Meaning: Iconicity in Language and Literature, editado Max Nänny y Olga Fisher. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, xv-xxxvi. doi: 10.1075/ill.1.04fis
Goldin-Meadow, Susan (2014). «Widening the lens: what the manual modality reveals about language, learning and cognition». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369, no. 1651: 20130295. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0295
Goldstein, Laurence (2004). «What does “Experiencing Meaning” Mean?». En: The Third Wittgenstein, editado por Daniele Moyal-Sharrock. Ashgate Wittgenstein Studies, London: Ashgate Publ. Co., pp. 107-123.
Hinton, Leanne, Nichols, Johanna y Ohala, John J. (1994). «Introduction: sound-symbolic processes». En: Sound Symbolism, editado por Leanne Hinton, Johanna Nichols, Hohn J. Ohala. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-14.
Hockett, Charles F. (1960). «The Origin of Speech». Scientific American 203: pp. 88-96. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0960-88
Jackendoff, Ray (2003). «Précis of Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution». Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26: pp. 651-707. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X03000153
Jakobson, Roman (1965). «Quest for the Essence of Language». En: Selected Writings II, Word and Language. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 345-59 1971.
Jespersen, Otto (1921). Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
Kao, Chien-Hui, Chen, Der-Yow y Chen, Chien-Chun (2010). «The inversion effect in visual word form processing». Cortex, 46: pp. 217-230. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.04.003
Kendon, Adam (2014). «Semiotic diversity in utterance production and the concept of ‘language’». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369, no. 1651: 20130293. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0293.
Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.
Korta, Kepa (2002). «Hacer Filosofía del Lenguaje». Revista de Filosofía 27, no. 2: pp. 337-359.
Kwon, Nahyun y Round, Erich (2015). «Phonesthemes in Morphological Theory». Morphology 25, no. 1: pp. 1-27. doi: 10.1007/s11525-014-9250-z
Levinson, Stephen C. y Holler, Judith (2014). «The origin of human multi-modal communication». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369, no. 1651: 20130302. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0302
Marks, Larry E. (2011). «Synaesthesia, Then and Now». Intellectica 1, no. 55: pp. 47-80.
Martino, Gail y Marks, Larry E. (2001). «Synaesthesia: Strong and Weak». Current Directions in Psychological Science 10, no. 2: pp. 61-65. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00116
Monaghan, Padraic, Shiillcock, Richard C., Christiansen, Morten H. y Kirby, Simon (2014). «How arbitrary is language?». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369: 20130299. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0299
Monck, Ray (2014). «The Temptations of Phenomenology: Wittgenstein, the Synthetic A Priori and “the Analytic a Posteriori”». International Journal of Philosophical Studies 22, no. 3: pp. 312-340. doi: 10.1080/09672559.2014.913884
Nänny, Max (1999). «Alphabetic Letters as Icons in Literary Texts». En: Form Miming Meaning: Iconicity in Language and Literature, editado por Max Nänny y Olga Fisher. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 173-198. doi: 10.1075/ill.1.16nan
Newmeyer, Frederick J. (1992). «Iconicity and generative grammar». Language 68: pp. 756-96. doi: 10.1353/lan.1992.0047
Nöth, Winfried (2001). «Semiotics Foundations of Iconicity in Language and Literature». En: The Motivated Sign: Iconicity on Language and Literature 2, editado por Olga Fisher y Max Nänny. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 17-28.
Nöth, Winfried (2015). «Three paradigms of iconicity research on language and literature». En: Iconicity. East Meets West, editado por K. Hiraga Masako, William J. Herlofsky, Kasuko Shinoara y Kimi Akita. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing, pp. 13-34. doi: 10.1075/ill.2.05not
Ohala, John J. (1994). «The frequency code underlies the sound-symbolic use of voice pitch». En: Sound Symbolism, editado por Leanne Hinton, Johanna Nichols y John J. Ohala. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 325-347.
Peirce, Charles S. (1965). El hombre, un signo. Barcelona: Ed. Crítica, 1988.
Peirce, Charles S. (1931-58). Collected Papers. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 1974.
Perniss, Pamela, Thompson, Robin L. y Vigliocco, Gabriella (2010). «Iconicity as a general property of language: Evidence from spoken and signed languages». Frontiers in Psychology 1: 227. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00227
Perniss, Pamela y Vigliocco, Gabriella (2014). «The bridge of iconicity: From a world of experience to the experience of language». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369, no. 1651: 20130300. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0300
Platón. Crátilo. Madrid: Ed. Gredos, 2003.
Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. y Hubbard, Edward M. (2001). «Synaesthesia – A Window into Perception, Thought and Language». Journal of Consciousness Studies 8, no. 12: pp. 3-34.
Richler, Jenifer J., Marck, Michael L., Palmeri, T Thomas J. y Guathier, Isabel (2011). «Inverted faces are (eventually) processed holistically». Vision Research 51, no. 3: pp. 333-342. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.11.014
Sapir, Edward (1929). «A study in phonetic symbolism». Journal of Experimental Psychology 121: pp. 225-39. doi: 10.1037/h0070931
Simner, Julia y Ward, Jamie (2006). «The taste of words on the tip of the tongue». Nature 444, no. 7118: p. 438. doi: 10.1038/444438a
Simner, Julia (2007). «Synesthesia as a psycholinguistic phenomenon». Trends in Cognitive Science 11, no. 1: pp. 23-29. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.10.010
Simner, Julia y Holenstein, Emma (2007). «Ordinal Linguistic Personification as a Variant of Synesthesia». Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 4: pp. 694-703. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.4.694
Simner, Julia y Hubbard, Edward M. (2013). «Overview of Terminology and Findings». En: Oxford Handbook of Synaesthesia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, xix-xxvi. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199603329.001.0001
Smilek, Daniel, Malcolmson, Kelly A., Carriere, Jonathan S., Eller, Meghan, Kwan, Donna y Reynolds, Michael (2007). «When ‘3’ is a jerk and ‘E’ is a king: personifying inanimate objects in synesthesia». Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 6: pp. 981-992. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.981
Ter Hark, Michel (2009). «Coloured Vowels: Wittgenstein on Synaesthesia and Secondary Meaning». Philosophia 37: pp. 589-604. doi: 10.1007/s11406-009-9194-4
Ter Hark, Michel (2010). «Experience of Meaning, Secondary Use and Aesthetics». Philosophical Investigations 33, no. 2: pp. 142-158. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9205.2010.01405.x
Ter Hark, Michel (2011). «Wittgenstein on the Experience of Meaning and Secondary Use». En: The Oxford Handbook of Wittgenstein, editado por Kuusela, O. y McGinn, M. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 497-518.
Ter Hark, Michel (2013). «Wittgenstein on the Experience of Meaning: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives». Philosophy Study 3, no. 10: pp. 974-981.
Tomasello, Michael (2003). Constructing a Language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Tomasello, Michael (2008). Los orígenes de la comunicación humana. Buenos Aires: Katz.
Tyler, Andrea (2010). «Usage-Based Approaches to Language and their Application to Second Language Learning». Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 30: pp. 270-291. doi: 10.1017/S0267190510000140
Vigliocco, Gabriella, Perniss, Pamela y Vinson, David (2014). «Language as a multimodal phenomenon: implications for language learning, processing and evolution». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369, no. 1758: 20130292. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0292
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953). Investigaciones Filosóficas. México: UNAM, 1988.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1958). Los Cuadernos Azul y Marrón. Madrid: Ed. Tecnos, 1984.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1969). Gramática Filosófica. México: UNAM, 2007.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1980). Observaciones sobre la filosofía de la psicología. Vol. I y II, México: UNAM, 1997.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1967). Zettel. México: UNAM, 1985.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1982). Últimos Escritos sobre Filosofía de la Psicología. Madrid: Ed. Tecnos, 1987.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (2005). Escrito a Máquina. Madrid: Ed. Trotta, 2014.
Wray, Alison y Perkins, Michael R. (2000). «The functions of formulaic language: an integrated model». Language and Communication 20: pp. 1-28. doi: 10.1016/S0271-5309(99)00015-4.
Bankieris, Kaytlin y Simner, Julia (2014). «Sound-symbolism in synaesthesia: Evidence from a lexical-gustatory synesthete». Neurocase 20, no. 6: pp. 640-651. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2013.826693
Bankieris, Kaytlin y Simner, Julia (2015). «What is the link between synaesthesia and sound symbolism?». Cognition 136: pp. 186-195. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.013
Berlin, Brent (1994). «Evidence for pervasive synesthetic sound symbolism in ethnozoological nomenclature». En: Sound Symbolism, editado por Leanne Hinton, Johanna Nichols, John J. Ohala. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 76-93.
Blasi, Damián E., Wichmann, Soren, Hammarström, Harald, Stadler, Peter F. y Christiansen, Morten H. (2016). «Sound-meaning association biases evidenced across thousands of languages». PNAS: pp. 10818-10823. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1605782113
Bolinger, D. (1985). «The inherent iconism of intonation». En: Iconicity in Syntax, Proceedings of a Symposium on Iconicity in Syntax, editado por J. Haiman. Stanford: Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 97-108.
Borges, Jorge Luis (1974). Obras Completas. Buenos Aires: Emecé Ed.
Chomsky, Noam (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
Chomsky, Noam (1959). «A Review of B. F. Skinners Verbal Behavior». Language 35: pp. 26-58. doi: 10.2307/411334
Christiansen, Morten H. y Monaghan, Padraic (2015). «Division of Labor in Vocabulary Structure: Insight of Corpus Analyses». Topics in Cognitive Science 8, no. 3: pp. 610-24. doi: 10.1111/tops.12164
De Saussure, Ferdinand (1945). Curso de Lingüística General. Buenos Aires: Ed. Losada, 1945.
Dingemanse, Mark, Blasi, Damián E., Lupyan, Gary, Christiansen, Morten H. y Monaghan, Padraic (2015). «Arbitrariness, Iconicity, and Systematicity in Language». Trends in Cognitive Science 19, no. 10: pp. 603-615. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.013
Dingemanse, Mark, Schuerman, Will, Reinisch, Eva, Tufvesson, Sylvia y Mitterer, Holger (2016). «What sound symbolism can and cannot do: Testing the iconicity of ideophones from five languages». Language 92, no. 2: pp. 117-133. doi: 10.1353/lan.2016.0034
Eagleman, David (2012). «Synaesthesia in its Protean Guises». British Journal of Psychology 103: pp. 16-19. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02020.x
Evans, Nicholas y Levinson, Stephen C. (2009). «The myth of language universals: language diversity and its importance for cognitive science». Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32: pp. 429-492. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X0999094X
Fermandois, Eduardo (2009). «Imagen, Aspecto y Emoción: Apuntes para una Fenomenología de la Metáfora». Ideas y Valores 140: pp. 5-31.
Fermandois, Eduardo (2011). «Vivencia de palabras, significado secundario y poesía. Sobre la idea de un lenguaje propiamente humano en Wittgenstein». Aisthesis 49: pp. 217-229. doi: 10.4067/S0718-71812011000100014
Firth, John R. (1930). Speech. London: Ernest Benn.
Fisher, Andreas (1999). «What, if anything, is phonological iconicity?». En: Form Miming Meaning: Iconicity in Language and Literature, editado por Max Nänny y Olga Fisher. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 123-133. doi: 10.1075/ill.1.12fis
Fisher, Olga y Nänny, Max (1999). «Introduction: Iconicity as a creative force in linguistic use». En: Form Miming Meaning: Iconicity in Language and Literature, editado Max Nänny y Olga Fisher. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, xv-xxxvi. doi: 10.1075/ill.1.04fis
Goldin-Meadow, Susan (2014). «Widening the lens: what the manual modality reveals about language, learning and cognition». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369, no. 1651: 20130295. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0295
Goldstein, Laurence (2004). «What does “Experiencing Meaning” Mean?». En: The Third Wittgenstein, editado por Daniele Moyal-Sharrock. Ashgate Wittgenstein Studies, London: Ashgate Publ. Co., pp. 107-123.
Hinton, Leanne, Nichols, Johanna y Ohala, John J. (1994). «Introduction: sound-symbolic processes». En: Sound Symbolism, editado por Leanne Hinton, Johanna Nichols, Hohn J. Ohala. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-14.
Hockett, Charles F. (1960). «The Origin of Speech». Scientific American 203: pp. 88-96. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0960-88
Jackendoff, Ray (2003). «Précis of Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution». Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26: pp. 651-707. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X03000153
Jakobson, Roman (1965). «Quest for the Essence of Language». En: Selected Writings II, Word and Language. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 345-59 1971.
Jespersen, Otto (1921). Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
Kao, Chien-Hui, Chen, Der-Yow y Chen, Chien-Chun (2010). «The inversion effect in visual word form processing». Cortex, 46: pp. 217-230. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.04.003
Kendon, Adam (2014). «Semiotic diversity in utterance production and the concept of ‘language’». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369, no. 1651: 20130293. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0293.
Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.
Korta, Kepa (2002). «Hacer Filosofía del Lenguaje». Revista de Filosofía 27, no. 2: pp. 337-359.
Kwon, Nahyun y Round, Erich (2015). «Phonesthemes in Morphological Theory». Morphology 25, no. 1: pp. 1-27. doi: 10.1007/s11525-014-9250-z
Levinson, Stephen C. y Holler, Judith (2014). «The origin of human multi-modal communication». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369, no. 1651: 20130302. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0302
Marks, Larry E. (2011). «Synaesthesia, Then and Now». Intellectica 1, no. 55: pp. 47-80.
Martino, Gail y Marks, Larry E. (2001). «Synaesthesia: Strong and Weak». Current Directions in Psychological Science 10, no. 2: pp. 61-65. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00116
Monaghan, Padraic, Shiillcock, Richard C., Christiansen, Morten H. y Kirby, Simon (2014). «How arbitrary is language?». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369: 20130299. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0299
Monck, Ray (2014). «The Temptations of Phenomenology: Wittgenstein, the Synthetic A Priori and “the Analytic a Posteriori”». International Journal of Philosophical Studies 22, no. 3: pp. 312-340. doi: 10.1080/09672559.2014.913884
Nänny, Max (1999). «Alphabetic Letters as Icons in Literary Texts». En: Form Miming Meaning: Iconicity in Language and Literature, editado por Max Nänny y Olga Fisher. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 173-198. doi: 10.1075/ill.1.16nan
Newmeyer, Frederick J. (1992). «Iconicity and generative grammar». Language 68: pp. 756-96. doi: 10.1353/lan.1992.0047
Nöth, Winfried (2001). «Semiotics Foundations of Iconicity in Language and Literature». En: The Motivated Sign: Iconicity on Language and Literature 2, editado por Olga Fisher y Max Nänny. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 17-28.
Nöth, Winfried (2015). «Three paradigms of iconicity research on language and literature». En: Iconicity. East Meets West, editado por K. Hiraga Masako, William J. Herlofsky, Kasuko Shinoara y Kimi Akita. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing, pp. 13-34. doi: 10.1075/ill.2.05not
Ohala, John J. (1994). «The frequency code underlies the sound-symbolic use of voice pitch». En: Sound Symbolism, editado por Leanne Hinton, Johanna Nichols y John J. Ohala. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 325-347.
Peirce, Charles S. (1965). El hombre, un signo. Barcelona: Ed. Crítica, 1988.
Peirce, Charles S. (1931-58). Collected Papers. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 1974.
Perniss, Pamela, Thompson, Robin L. y Vigliocco, Gabriella (2010). «Iconicity as a general property of language: Evidence from spoken and signed languages». Frontiers in Psychology 1: 227. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00227
Perniss, Pamela y Vigliocco, Gabriella (2014). «The bridge of iconicity: From a world of experience to the experience of language». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369, no. 1651: 20130300. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0300
Platón. Crátilo. Madrid: Ed. Gredos, 2003.
Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. y Hubbard, Edward M. (2001). «Synaesthesia – A Window into Perception, Thought and Language». Journal of Consciousness Studies 8, no. 12: pp. 3-34.
Richler, Jenifer J., Marck, Michael L., Palmeri, T Thomas J. y Guathier, Isabel (2011). «Inverted faces are (eventually) processed holistically». Vision Research 51, no. 3: pp. 333-342. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.11.014
Sapir, Edward (1929). «A study in phonetic symbolism». Journal of Experimental Psychology 121: pp. 225-39. doi: 10.1037/h0070931
Simner, Julia y Ward, Jamie (2006). «The taste of words on the tip of the tongue». Nature 444, no. 7118: p. 438. doi: 10.1038/444438a
Simner, Julia (2007). «Synesthesia as a psycholinguistic phenomenon». Trends in Cognitive Science 11, no. 1: pp. 23-29. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.10.010
Simner, Julia y Holenstein, Emma (2007). «Ordinal Linguistic Personification as a Variant of Synesthesia». Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 4: pp. 694-703. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.4.694
Simner, Julia y Hubbard, Edward M. (2013). «Overview of Terminology and Findings». En: Oxford Handbook of Synaesthesia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, xix-xxvi. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199603329.001.0001
Smilek, Daniel, Malcolmson, Kelly A., Carriere, Jonathan S., Eller, Meghan, Kwan, Donna y Reynolds, Michael (2007). «When ‘3’ is a jerk and ‘E’ is a king: personifying inanimate objects in synesthesia». Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 6: pp. 981-992. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.981
Ter Hark, Michel (2009). «Coloured Vowels: Wittgenstein on Synaesthesia and Secondary Meaning». Philosophia 37: pp. 589-604. doi: 10.1007/s11406-009-9194-4
Ter Hark, Michel (2010). «Experience of Meaning, Secondary Use and Aesthetics». Philosophical Investigations 33, no. 2: pp. 142-158. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9205.2010.01405.x
Ter Hark, Michel (2011). «Wittgenstein on the Experience of Meaning and Secondary Use». En: The Oxford Handbook of Wittgenstein, editado por Kuusela, O. y McGinn, M. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 497-518.
Ter Hark, Michel (2013). «Wittgenstein on the Experience of Meaning: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives». Philosophy Study 3, no. 10: pp. 974-981.
Tomasello, Michael (2003). Constructing a Language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Tomasello, Michael (2008). Los orígenes de la comunicación humana. Buenos Aires: Katz.
Tyler, Andrea (2010). «Usage-Based Approaches to Language and their Application to Second Language Learning». Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 30: pp. 270-291. doi: 10.1017/S0267190510000140
Vigliocco, Gabriella, Perniss, Pamela y Vinson, David (2014). «Language as a multimodal phenomenon: implications for language learning, processing and evolution». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369, no. 1758: 20130292. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0292
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953). Investigaciones Filosóficas. México: UNAM, 1988.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1958). Los Cuadernos Azul y Marrón. Madrid: Ed. Tecnos, 1984.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1969). Gramática Filosófica. México: UNAM, 2007.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1980). Observaciones sobre la filosofía de la psicología. Vol. I y II, México: UNAM, 1997.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1967). Zettel. México: UNAM, 1985.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1982). Últimos Escritos sobre Filosofía de la Psicología. Madrid: Ed. Tecnos, 1987.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (2005). Escrito a Máquina. Madrid: Ed. Trotta, 2014.
Wray, Alison y Perkins, Michael R. (2000). «The functions of formulaic language: an integrated model». Language and Communication 20: pp. 1-28. doi: 10.1016/S0271-5309(99)00015-4.
Publicado
2017-12-22
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[1]
Scotto, C. 2017. Wittgenstein: iconicidad en el lenguaje y «experiencia del significado». Disputatio. 6, 7 (dic. 2017), 423-457. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1418402.
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